“Many of the familiar little things that we use every day have typically evolved …” — Henry Petroski

Science is about knowing; engineering is about doing.

The paradox is that when we model future designs on past successes, we are inviting failure down the line; when we take into account past failures and anticipate potential new ways in which failure can occur, we are more likely to produce successful designs.

I emphasize that virtually every engineering calculation is ultimately a failure calculation, because without a failure criterion against which to measure the calculated result, it is a meaningless number.

Engineering is achieving function while avoiding failure.